Everybody likes getting something for free, and taxes are no different. Investing in securities like municipal bonds (sometimes referred to by the nickname “munis”) or municipal bond funds generates tax-free interest income. Here is what you need to know.
Tax advantages of municipal bonds
You pay zero federal tax on municipal bond investment income. Depending on your tax bracket, this might make municipal bonds more attractive than many comparable taxable investments. For example, a municipal bond paying 6 percent to an investor in the 24 percent tax bracket is actually a better investment than a taxable bond paying interest at 7.9 percent, due to the federal income tax break.
What’s more, municipal bond income isn’t counted for net investment income tax purposes. So if you are subject to this 3.8 percent surtax, municipal bonds provide an additional tax break to you. And, if the bond is issued by an authority within the state where you reside, it’s also exempt from any state income tax.
Potential tax consequences
Municipal bonds come with several tax advantages, but that doesn’t mean there are no potential downsides to municipal bonds.
- Alternative minimum tax. If you invest in certain private activity bonds — such as some bonds used to finance projects like a stadium — the income may cause alternative minimum tax complications.
- Capital gains tax. When you sell a municipal bond at a profit, you owe capital gains tax on the sale. For instance, if you buy a bond for $5,000 and sell it for $6,000, you’re still taxed on the $1,000 gain.
- Possible state tax. If you invest in municipal bonds issued by another state, the interest income is taxable by the state where you reside.
- Social Security taxes. Municipal bond income could make some of your Social Security benefits taxable. The taxation of Social Security benefits is based on a calculation that specifically includes tax-free municipal bond income. Depending on your situation, up to 85 percent of the Social Security benefits may be taxable.
Investing in municipal bonds can provide tax-free, stable income, but remember that all investments come with risk, including the loss of principal. If you decide that municipal bonds are right for you, understanding how these investments fit with your overall financial situation can help you maximize your tax savings.